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Philological sciences
PDFTeaching word-building is one of the important tasks of teaching English as a foreign language. Good word-wuilding skills enable a student to use the language more independently, to experiment with the language, to develop conextual guess and thus to enrich their vocabulary at a better pace. Word-building is tested (as a separate part or as a part of an integrated task, such as a structure task) in major international exams, such as FCE, CAE, CPE, TOEFL. In the Russian Federation it is also included into state exams at schools. However, teaching word-building is often reduced to the reference of some affixes to different parts of speech, and exam tips mostly focus on the correct grammatical form of the words.
Such issues should surely be taken into consideration, as well as some interchanges (such as in long-length), conversion (which is, however, rarely tested, but with which students should be familiar) and word-building synonyms (unlimited - limitless). Yet we believe, that great attention is to be paid to affixal semantics and collocation. Further we offer an example of how the material could be presented (in this paper we focus solely on noun-building suffixes):
|
№ |
Suffix |
Meaning |
Сочетаемость |
|
1 |
er |
Doer (builder) Instrument (knocker) Dweller (Londoner) Characteristic (fresher)
|
Verbs, nouns, adjectives
|
|
2 |
or |
Doer (collector) Instrument (refrigerator) |
Verbs (mostly with -ate и -t) |
|
3 |
ee |
Object (trainee) |
Transitive verbs with the meaning «give» |
|
4 |
ist |
Doer (pianist) Follower (communist) |
Nouns denoting instruments, sciences, political beliefs. Adjectives, denoting some trends
|
|
5 |
ite |
Dweller (Sydneyite) Follower (Marxite) |
Proper names |
|
6 |
man |
Dweller (Englishman) Doer (watchman)
|
Verbs, nouns, adjectives |
|
7 |
ess |
Feminisation (hostess) |
Animate nouns, nouns denoting jobs |
|
8 |
ette |
Belittling (novelette) |
Nouns |
|
9 |
ing |
Action (meeting) Result (painting) |
Verbs |
|
10 |
al |
Action (approval) |
Verbs, mostly with -e |
|
11 |
ness |
Abstract notion (kindness) |
Simple adjectives or adjectives with -y, -ful, -ous, -ive, -ed, -ish, -ward, -less, -ary, -ant, -worthy |
|
12 |
ity |
Abstract notion (eternity) |
Adjectives with -al, -ial, -an, -ian, -ar, -able, -ed, -ous, -ose, -ical, -ive |
|
13 |
ism |
Theory (communism) Quality (heroism) |
Proper names Adjectives denoting quality and language
|
|
14 |
ship |
State/quality (leadership) Skill (sportsmanship) |
Nouns denoting a person |
|
15 |
dom |
Unity (kingdom) |
Nouns denoting a person |
|
16 |
hood |
State/quality (brotherhood) |
Nouns denoting a person with the reference to the family, age, position |
|
17 |
(c)ation |
Action (admiration) |
Verbs with -ify, -ize, -ate and some simple verbs |
|
18 |
ment |
No special meaning (department) |
2-syllable verbs with the stresses 2nd syllable, verbs with en-, em-, be-, -le, -er, -ish |
|
19 |
ery |
State/quality (misery) Unity (cutlery) |
Nouns denoting a person, an object, an animal |
|
20 |
acy |
State/quality (delicacy) Unity (burocracy) |
Adjectives with -ate Nouns denoting a job or an occupation |
|
21 |
age |
State/quality (homage) Unity (readerage) Result (leakage) |
Nouns denoting a position or occupation, a concrete object Simple verbs
|
As we can see from the table above nounal suffixes vary in semantics and collocation. Students are to be encouraged to learn first of all the semantical differences, that will make the choice of the cjrrect suffix much narrower. If there are stilll several synonyms collocation is to be considered. However, some suffixes still have synonyms (such as -ite and - ist), but in this case using any of them will be correct.
As we can see the system of word-building has its logic and teaching it can be not only intuitive (although a lot of authentic reading can beneficially make some choices intuitive).
2. Каращук П.М. Словообразование английского языка. М.:Высшая школа,1977
3. Мешков О.Д. Словообразование современного английского языка. М.:Наука, 1975
E. Dmitrieva AFFIXATION IN TEACHING WORD-BUILDING. International Journal Of Applied And Fundamental Research. – 2015. – № 2 –
URL: www.science-sd.com/461-24818 (22.12.2024).